Q.1 Define the following terms and give an example for each. (5)
i. Hasty Generalization
ii. False Cause
NOTE: Any other examples relevant to ‘hasty generalizations’ and ‘false cause’
would be considered correct too.
Sol: a) Hasty Generalization:
This is a very common fallacy. A person who draws a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence is making a hasty generalization. The following example will make this amply clear.
An angry Suzuki owner after having a bad experience with his car gives this generalized statement: “My car broke down yesterday! Suzukis are totally useless cars!”
He unfortunately purchased a bad vehicle, and easy overgeneralized the traits of his car onto the other cars in the market. To form a conclusion about a whole model on the basis of a single example (bad personal experience) is an illogical jump. Every car is different and unique and has its good or bad traits.
b) False Cause: This is another type of fallacy. The fallacy is committed when an argument mistakenly attempts to establish a causal connection. In other words, one event is erroneously assumed to cause the other.
CAUSES:
Look at the following argument:
Some students give the following conclusion:
“Two fellow classmates got sick right after Biology class; therefore, science class must have made them sick.”
Although the possibility must be examined, upon further investigation we can conclude that other causes might have contributed to the illnesses: the food the students ate could have been bad, they might have been exposed to a virus, or a chemical in the lab could have been released into the air, etc. The illness was not caused by the “science class” itself; its use in this sentence suggests that it is also an example of loaded language, overgeneralization, or sarcasm. In fact, we probably would not actually know the cause of these students’ illnesses immediately, so guessing only leads to gossip and hysteria.
Cause-and-effect situations are not easy to analyze, as people tend to oversimplify them by ignoring other possible causes. To identify an argument using a false cause, look for an alternate reason.
Q.2 Read the statements and determine if they are facts or opinions. (5)
Sol:
- 1. Many people order pepperoni on their pizzas. Fact
- 2. Basketball is more interesting to watch than golf. Opinion
- 3. Flowers bloom in the spring and summer months. Fact
- 4. Exercising outdoors is more fun than exercising indoors. Opinion
- 5. Daisies are the prettiest of all flowers. Opinion
Q.3- Fill in the blanks with the help of appropriate choices. (5)
1– The question of purpose of writer is closely related the matter of ………………
attitude
tone
style
opinion
2- ———– is the most important skill you will need for success in your studies.
Reading
Writing
Listening
Speaking
3– Authors and their works are …………………
complex
simple
biased
fair
4– The writer can indicate his character through the words he put into his character’s …………..
mouth
mind
knowledge
experience
5– As biasness is unavoidable while writing, writers do try to remain as …………..as possible.
objective
subjective
comprehensive
neutral
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